Radiative Heat Transfer
Second Edition
Michael F. Modest
The Pennsylvania State University
Academic Press
New York San Francisco
London
To the m&m's
in my life,
Monika, Mara, and Michelle
|
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Radiative Heat Transfer Second Edition To the m&m's
in my life, |
1 Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Nature of Thermal Radiation
1.3 Basic Laws of Thermal Radiation
1.4 Emissive Power
1.5 Solid Angles
1.6 Radiative Intensity
1.7 Radiative Heat Flux
1.8 Radiation Pressure
1.9 Visible Radiation (Luminance)
1.10 Introduction to Radiation Characteristics of Opaque Surfaces
1.11 Introduction to Radiation Characteristics of Gases
1.12 Introduction to Radiation Characteristics of Solids and Liquids
1.13 Introduction to Radiation Characteristics of Particles
1.14 Outline of Radiative Transport Theory
2 Radiative Property Predictions from Electromagnetic Wave Theory
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Macroscopic Maxwell Equations
2.3 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Unbounded Media
2.4 Polarization
2.5 Reflection and Transmission
2.6 Theories for Optical Constants
3 Radiative Properties of Real Surfaces
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Definitions
3.3 Predictions from Electromagnetic Wave Theory
3.4 Radiative Properties of Metals
3.5 Radiative Properties of Nonconductors
3.6 Effects of Surface Roughness
3.7 Effects of Surface Damage and Oxide Films
3.8 Radiative Properties of Semitransparent Sheets
3.9 Special Surfaces
3.10 Experimental Methods
4 View Factors
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Definition of View Factors
4.3 Methods for the Evaluation of View Factors
4.4 Area Integration
4.5 Contour Integration
4.6 View Factor Algebra
4.7 The Crossed-Strings Method
4.8 The Inside-Sphere Method
4.9 The Unit Sphere Method
5 Radiative Exchange Between Gray, Diffuse Surfaces
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Radiative Exchange between Black Surfaces
5.3 Radiative Exchange Between Gray, Diffuse Surfaces
5.4 Electrical Network Analogy
5.5 Solution Methods for the Governing Integral Equations
6 Radiative Exchange Between Partially-Specular Gray Surfaces
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Specular View Factors
6.3 Enclosures With Partially-Specular Surfaces
6.4 Electrical Network Analogy
6.5 Radiation Shields
6.6 Semitransparent Sheets (Windows)
6.7 Solution of the Governing Integral Equation
6.8 Concluding Remarks
7 Radiative Exchange Between Nonideal Surfaces
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Radiative Exchange between Nongray Surfaces
7.3 Directionally Nonideal Surfaces
7.4 Analysis for Arbitrary Surface Characteristics
8 Surface Radiative Exchange in the Presence of Conduction and Convection
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Conduction and Surface Radiation-Fins
8.3 Convection and Surface Radiation
9 The Equation of Radiative Transfer in Participating Media
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Radiative Intensity in Vacuum
9.3 Attenuation by Absorption and Scattering
9.4 Augmentation by Emission and Scattering
9.5 The Equation of Transfer
9.6 Formal Solution to the Equation of Transfer
9.7 Boundary Conditions for the Equation of Transfer
9.8 Radiation Energy Density
9.9 Radiative Heat Flux
9.10 Divergence of the Radiative Heat Flux
9.11 Overall Energy Conservation
9.12 Solution Methods for the Equation of Transfer
10 Radiative Properties of Molecular Gases
10.1 Fundamental Principles
10.2 Emission and Absorption Probabilities
10.3 Atomic and Molecular Spectra
10.4 Line Radiation
10.5 Spectral Models For Radiative Transfer Calculations
10.6 Narrow Band Models
10.7 Correlated k-Distributions
10.8 Wide Band Models
10.9 Total Emissivity and Mean Absorption Coefficient
10.10 Experimental Methods
11 Radiative Properties of Particulate Media
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Absorption and Scattering from a Single Sphere
11.3 Radiative Properties of a Particle Cloud
11.4 Radiative Properties of Small Spheres (Rayleigh Scattering)
11.5 Rayleigh-Gans Scattering
11.6 Anomalous Diffraction
11.7 Radiative Properties of Large Spheres
11.8 Absorption and Scattering by Long Cylinders
11.9 Approximate Scattering Phase Functions
11.10 Experimental Determination of Radiative Properties of Particles
11.11 Radiation Properties of Combustion Particles
12 Radiative Properties of Semitransparent Media
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Absorption by Semitransparent Solids
12.3 Absorption by Semitransparent Liquids
12.4 Experimental Methods
13 Exact Solutions For One-Dimensional Gray Media
13.1 Introduction
13.2 General Formulation for a Plane-Parallel Medium
13.3 Radiative Equilibrium of a Nonscattering Medium
13.4 Radiative Equilibrium of a Scattering Medium
13.5 Plane Medium with Specified Temperature Field
13.6 Radiative Transfer in Spherical Media
13.7 Radiative Transfer in Cylindrical Media
13.8 Numerical Solution of the Governing Integral Equations
14 Approximate Solution Methods for One-Dimensional Media
14.1 The Optically Thin Approximation
14.2 The Optically Thick Approximation (Diffusion Approximation)
14.3 The Schuster-Schwarzschild Approximation
14.4 The Milne-Eddington Approximation (Moment Method)
14.5 The Exponential Kernel Approximation
15 The Method of Spherical Harmonics (PN-Approximation)
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Development of the General PN-Approximation
15.3 Boundary Conditions for the PN-Method
15.4 The P1-Approximation
15.5 P3- and Higher-Order Approximations
15.6 Enhancements to the P1-Approximation
16 The Method of Discrete Ordinates (SN-Approximation)
16.1 Introduction
16.2 General Relations
16.3 The One-Dimensional Slab
16.4 One-Dimensional Concentric Spheres and Cylinders
16.5 Multidimensional Problems
16.6 The Finite Volume Method
16.7 Other Related Methods
16.8 Concluding Remarks
17 The Zonal Method
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Surface Exchange - No Participating Medium
17.3 Radiative Exchange in Gray Absorbing/Emitting Media
17.4 Radiative Exchange in Gray Media with Isotropic Scattering
17.5 Radiative Exchange through a Nongray Medium
17.6 Determination of Direct Exchange Areas
18 The Treatment of Collimated Irradiation
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Reduction of the Problem
18.3 The Modified P1-Approximation with Collimated Irradiation
18.4 Short-Pulsed Collimated Irradiation With Transient Effects
19 The Treatment of Nongray Extinction Coefficients
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Mean Beam Length Method
19.3 Semigray Approximations
19.4 The Stepwise-Gray Model (Box Model)
19.5 General Band Model Formulation
19.6 The Weighted-Sum-of-Gray-Gases (WSGG) Model
19.7 k-Distribution Models
19.8 The Full-Spectrum k-Distribution (FSK) Method
20 The Monte Carlo Method for Thermal Radiation
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Numerical Quadrature by Monte Carlo
20.3 Heat Transfer Relations for Radiative Exchange between Surfaces
20.4 Random Number Relations for Surface Exchange
20.5 Surface Description
20.6 Ray Tracing
20.7 Heat Transfer Relations for Participating Media
20.8 Random Number Relations for Participating Media
20.9 Overall Energy Conservation
20.10 Efficiency Considerations
20.11 Backward Monte Carlo
20.12 Example Problems
21 Radiation Combined With Conduction and Convection
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Combined Radiation and Conduction
21.3 Melting and Solidification with Internal Radiation
21.4 Combined Radiation and Convection in Boundary Layers
21.5 Combined Radiation and Free Convection
21.6 Combined Radiation and Convection in Internal Flow
21.7 Combined Radiation and Combustion
21.8 Interfacing Between Turbulent Flow Fields and Radiation
21.9 Interaction of Radiation with Turbulence
22 Inverse Radiative Heat Transfer
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Solution Methods
22.3 The Levenberg-Marquardt Method
22.4 The Conjugate Gradient Method
22.5 Inverse Surface Radiation
22.6 Inverse Radiation in Participating Media
A Constants and Conversion Factors
B Tables for Radiative Properties of Opaque Surfaces
C Blackbody Emissive Power Table
D View Factor Catalogue
E Exponential Integral Functions
F Computer Codes